the importance of Organizational Culture in management The WritePass Journal

the importance of Organizational Culture in management Introduction the importance of Organizational Culture in management IntroductionImplications for Multicultural OrganizationsConclusionRelated Introduction Organizational culture, the most influential of the past several decades has been the largest and concepts of management buzzwords. Hofstede (1997) report that the term as a synonym for organizational culture, organizational climate appeared during the 1960s. Corporate culture after the publication of several popular press in the 1980s, general management buzzword (Deal and Kennedy, 1982 Davis, 1984) has become. Interrelated academic and popular management literature the culture and its impact is reflected in the subjects, there is widespread belief that the organizational culture, organizational effectiveness near (Denison and Mishra, 1995; Kilmann Saxton, and Serpa, 1985; Weiss, 1996) is related. The culture of organizational problems often cause a comfortably vague and is all inclusive. Some examples of the proposed impact of organizational culture remains strong interest in why the concept can underscore. Culture, a source of competitive advantage (Ott, 1989; Peters and Waterman, 1982, Wilkins and amp; Barney, 1986 Ouchi, 1983) as has been explored, although others have limited empirical evidence (Denison and Mishra, 1995 strongly support, Fey and Denison, 2003). Attention post-merger/acquisition integration (Olie, 1990 and 1994; Vaara, 1999; Veiga, Lubatkin, Calori and 2000 very,; Nahavandi and Malekzadeh, 1988 very Calori and Lubatkin, 1993) has been in the organizational culture . Also, organizational culture, success or failure of large-scale efforts to change (Beer and Nohria, 2000 has emerged as a major factor, Brill and Worth, 1997; Burke, 1994; Jick and Peiperl, 2003; Pascale Millemann and Gioja, 1997). In a review of recent diversity literature Jackson, Joshi and Erhardt (2003) report results of studies exploring effects of organizational culture on diversity dynamics. Ely and Thomas (2001 ) contend that diversity is more likely to lead to positive outcomes if organizational culture stresses integration and learning. Cox and Tung (1997) argue that the degree of structure and informal integration in an organization will influence outcomes of diversity. Polzer, Milton and Swann (2002) suggest organizational cultures may influence the process of identity negotiation and that teams are more likely to benefit from diversity when team members identities are verified by reflected appraisals of other team members. Definitions of organizational culture reflects the dichotomy in the conceptualization, although some researchers have developed integration frameworks (eg Martin, 1992; Ott, 1989). On the one hand, culture is seen in practices and behaviors how things are done here (Drennan, 1992, p. 1). Other conceptualize culture in practices that support. In 1992 Hunt say about culture as the value, beliefs ​​and attitudes which shows how the company perceive and Interpretation of events. The same applies to Davis (1984), involves the culture of beliefs and values ​​that give meaning and organization provide members with rules of behavior. Schein (1985) argues that organizational culture should be reserved for the deeper level of basic assumptions and beliefs that are shared by members of an organization, that operate unconsciously and define in a basic taken for acquired fashion an organization seen by himself and his environment (p. 6). Others, such as Hampden-Turner (1990) see culture as a concept fill levels and function at the subconscious level visible and concrete. Hofstede (1997) defines organizational culture as the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of an organization from another (p. 180), but he also argues that the common perception of daily practices must be considered the core of an organization of culture (p. 182-83).Multicultural Organizations: Opportunities and Challenges Much has been written about problems and benefits of diversity in cross-cultural management and diversity literature (e.g. Adler, 2002; Cox Blake, 1991;Elron, 1997; Ely Thomas, 2001; Gentile, 1996; Robinson Deschant, 1997; Watson, Johnson Merritt, 1998). During the past decade, however, there has been an interesting shift in the rhetoric of diversity. Thomas and Ely (1996) cite the increasing emphasis on diversity as a spur for greater organizational effectiveness. Robinson and Deschant (1997) argue that diversity makes good business sense. Popular diversity discourse aside, however, diversity does not automatically lead to greater organizational effectiveness. Although there is general acknowledgement that cultural diversity offers numerous potential benefits to an organization, those benefits may not be realized unless they are purposefully pursued. Moreover, the challenges presented by diversity may negatively impact organizational performance unless properly managed. What are the benefits and challenges of a multicultural organization? When employees representing nine nationalities, who work in eight multicultural organizations in Luxembourg answered those questions they discussed advantages and disadvantages for both organizations and individuals (Trefry, 2001). Without exception those interviewed saw multicultural diversity as an important asset for organizations. They reported organizational advantages such as: a) the possibility of matching employees with diverse customers/clients; b) ability to apply knowledge of different cultures to business projects; c) better decision-making and problem-solving after considering diverse perspectives; and d) more creativity and innovation in products, services and organizational processes. In addition, however, to echoing benefits described in the diversity literature, Luxembourg respondents emphasized personal benefits such as: a) greater personal ability to cope with the unexpected; b) broadening of the ir perspectives on any given issue; c) greater tolerance and acceptance of others differences; d) greater flexibility in their own personal behavior, communication and interaction styles; and e) enhanced self-insight. Interestingly enough, it is understanding the logic of personal benefits cited and applying it at an organizational level that offers insight on how organizations can achieve maximum value from a culturally diverse workforce. Implications for Multicultural Organizations Although multicultural organizations are increasingly the norm, most are just beginning to strategically deal with their cultural diversity. Thus we come back to the primary premise of our exploration: organizational culture has the potential for even greater impact in multicultural organizations because it can intensify both the benefits and the challenges of cultural diversity, and thus indirectly, affect potential competitive advantage. Yet how is it that multicultural organizations manage the challenges and achieve the maximum benefit from their cultural diversity? The answer lies in the nature of the organizational culture as well as a strategic approach to harnessing diversity for benefit of the organization. It is the strategic utilization of cultural differences that creates real competitive advantage for the organization (Schneider Barsoux, 2003). A metaphor of organizational culture as a double-edged sword that cuts in numerous directions seems appropriate. Organizational culture can exacerbate the challenges of diversity. It can also intensify potential benefits. At the practices level organizational culture can facilitate integration; at the level of business assumptions and shared frames of reference guiding how the work of the organization is accomplished there is potential danger that a strong culture can downplay or even negate the advantages of cultural diversity. Too much uniformity in mental models about ways work is approached may encourage employees to accept existing paradigms for the organizations work without ever questioning them. How can organizations create a culture that values differences and purposefully facilitates cultural synergy, as it has been labeled by Adler (2002)? The question leads us to a paradox which needs to be explored at both practices and underlying values, beliefs and assumptions levels of culture. At the practices level organizational norms are operationalized by processes, procedures and policies. Yet acceptance of the value of multiple perspectives and approaches means there is both individual and organizational flexibility to sometimes act outside of delineated policies, processes and procedures and that diverse approaches can co-exist and influence each other. Pascale (1990) describes this paradox as a vector of contention between mandatory and discretionary systems and charges managers with responsibility for orchestrating the tension and harnessing contending opposites (p. 34). Managing this tension between opposites, however, is a significant challenge. The traditional western managerial mindset has stressed consistency of policies and procedures in order to reduce ambiguity and promote internal integration (Senge, 1990). Indeed the common assumption has been that effective organizations have strong, highly consistent and well integrated cultures (Saffold, 1988). Yet there has also been increasing recognition of an organizational irony: well-integrated organizations are often the least responsive to changing conditions (Kanter, Stein Jick, 1992). Success in todays continually changing environments requires that people in organizations think in different ways, learn, and adapt to evolving circumstances. It is such requirements that underscore the need to purposefully explore organizational culture at the underlying beliefs, values and assumptions level. Thinking in different ways, learning and appropriate adaptation can only happen if there is continual questioning of organizational frames of reference those constellations of beliefs, values and assumptions that determine how the organization approaches its business. Here the insight regarding personal benefits of working in a multicultural environment seems applicable. Multicultural team members in Trefrys study (2001) attributed their broadened perspectives, increased personal tolerance, flexibility and adaptability to their exposure to different ways of thinking and their consequent reexamination of their own perspectives. Thus as Gentile (1996) so eloquently asserts, it is precisely through our interactions and confrontations with difference-of perspective, of prior experience, of style, of identity- that we come to recognize the limits of our own perspectives, experiences, and styles (p. 1). The same logic can apply at both individual and organizational levels. Exposure to different values, beliefs, assumptions and perspectives can lead to broadening our frames of reference, whether at a personal level or an organizational level. Indeed Trefry Vaillant (2002) suggest that individuals and organizations actually learn from expanding the frames of reference through which they view and interpret what they see and experience thus increasing their awareness of alternative ways to act. Developing a greater range of options can promote organizational flexibility, enabling adaptation to the needs of specific contexts. Insight facilitated by expanded frames of reference can be used to generate new approaches to business issues and practices. Conclusion Thus challenging existing organizational assumptions and broadening frames of reference offers a rich potential for increased effectiveness and competitive advantage. The organizational learning must go beyond exploration of differences, however. The goal is to integrate different approaches and frames of reference into new, more sophisticated approaches and organizational frames of reference. Adler (2002) argues that culturally synergistic organizations reflect the best aspects of all members cultures in their strategy, structure, and process without violating the norms of any single culture (p. 108). They utilize the naturally divergent thinking of people with different cultural backgrounds to solve problems, make decisions, and develop new approaches to products, services, and organizational processes

Americans Spend Over 100 Hours a Year Commuting

Americans Spend Over 100 Hours a Year Commuting At a nationwide average one-way drive-time of about 25.5 minutes, Americans spend more than 100 hours a year commuting to work, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. Yes, thats more than the average two weeks of vacation time (80 hours) taken by many workers during a year. This number has increased by over a minute in 10 years. â€Å"This annual information on commuters and their work trips and other transportation-related data will help local, regional and state agencies maintain, improve, plan and develop the nation’s transportation systems,† said Census Bureau Director Louis Kincannon in a press release. â€Å"American Community Survey data will provide valuable assistance to agencies offering housing, education and other public services as well.† Data has been released through 2013. Compare this with the federal governments estimate of computing the hourly rate based on working 2,080 hours per year. Spending 100 hours commuting adds a significant amount of unpaid time to the work day of the American worker. Map of Commute Times You can find the average commute time for most communities in the U.S. with a map based on the U.S. Census Bureau data provided by WNYC. The color-coded map shades commute times from white for zero minutes to deep purple for more than an hour. If you are deciding on where to move, the map can give you interesting information on your commute times. The data released for 2013 showed that only 4.3 percent of workers had no commute because they worked from home. Meanwhile, 8.1 percent had commutes of 60 minutes or more. A quarter of commuters cross county lines going to and from work. Maryland and New York have the highest average commute times while North Dakota and South Dakota have the lowest. Megacommutes Almost 600,000 American workers have megacommutes of at least 90 minutes and 50 miles. They are more likely to carpool than those with shorter commutes, but that number is still only 39.9 percent. Carpooling in general has declined since the year 2000. However, not all of them are driving as 11.8 percent take rail and 11.2 percent take other forms of public transportation. Long commutes are highest for those in the state of New York at 16.2 percent, Maryland (14.8 percent), and New Jersey (14.6 percent). Three-quarters of megacommuters are male and they are more likely to be older, married, make a higher income, and have a spouse who doesnt work. They often depart for work before 6 a.m. Alternate Commutes Those who take public transit, walk, or bike to work still make up a small part of the total. That overall number hasnt changed much since 2000, although the segments of it have. There has been a slight increase in those who take public transit, with 5.2 percent in 2013 compared with 4.7 percent in 2000. There was a dip in those who walk to work by one-tenth of a percent and growth in those who bike by two-tenths of a percent. But those numbers are still small at 2.8 percent walking to work and 0.6 percent biking to work. Sources: Megacommuters. U.S. Census Bureau Release Number: CB13-41. U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2013.

Entrepreneurship vs. Small Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Entrepreneurship vs. Small Business - Essay Example Researchers, Hofer and Bygrave (2003-4, Pg 6-7) suggests that entrepreneurs are the gap-fillers who given the supply and demand nature of market forces through their skills, perceive and take steps to correct market deficiencies. To encourage entrepreneurs to transform the market, they not only provide new goods and services, they also create more and newer jobs. The jobs increased not only in number but also in diversity - supermarkets have created the job of trolley collector; technology support desks are a by-product of computer technology; medical innovations have resulted in increased layers of new job classifications and descriptions. One hundred years ago, there was no perceived need for these services, nor was there any basis for exploring such a need. Kirby (2003, Pg 786) investigated in his book that by the beginning of 1980s, entrepreneurship was at finest, a likely hopeful ground of academic inquisition. Though, by the finale of that decade, owing chiefly to remarkable progress in its corpse of experimental information, entrepreneurship might assert to be a rightful ground of educational inquisition in every compliment apart from one: it requires a considerable hypothetical basis. A main confront in front of entrepreneurship examiners in the 1990s is to build up theories and models build on firm basics from the social sciences (Welsch, 2003, Pg 4-5). Wickham (2004) observe that subsequent to all, models and theories expect the result of operations. And it is not possible to operationalize an idea that cannot be defined, as an Entrepreneur a person who perceives a chance and makes an association to pursue it. Entrepreneurship vs. Small Business A lot of people make use of the terms "entrepreneur" and "small business possessor" simultaneously. At the same time as they might have a great deal in general, there are noteworthy dissimilarities between the entrepreneurial project and the small business. Jones-Evans Dylan and Carter Sara (2000, Pg 374-375) recommend that Entrepreneurial ventures vary from small businesses in following ways: 1. Quantity of wealth creation - rather than simply generating an income stream that replaces traditional employment, a successful entrepreneurial venture creates substantial wealth, characteristically in surplus of quite a few million dollars of turnover. 2. Pace of wealth construction - while a flourishing small business can produce numerous million dollars of revenue over a life span, entrepreneurial prosperity formation repeatedly is quick; for instance, within 5 years. 3. Risk - the danger of an entrepreneurial venture must be elevated; or else, with the inducement of certain profits several entrepreneurs would be following the thought and the opening no longer would survive. 4. Innovation - entrepreneurship repeatedly occupies considerable innovation further than what a small business may display. This innovation offers the venture the spirited benefit that fallout in capital creation. The innovation might be in the creation or service itself, or in the business procedures used to convey it. The Entrepreneurial Process Allow us start with the entrepreneurial procedure because this is at the core of the topic. Some of the vital characteristics of the entrepreneurial procedure are as follows Commenced by an act of human will. Takes place at the

Should Abortion be Legal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Should Abortion be Legal - Essay Example Abortion is a very sensitive issue and proponents of abortion believe that it is the right of the woman to opt for this decision. This stand has been opposed by people who believe that the fetus bears the potential to turn into a complete human being and abortion is equivalent to the ending of an individual’s life. Abortion is a controversial issue and it should only be legally allowed in the circumstances where the life of the mother may be in danger owing to the pregnancy and this practice should not be permitted legally in other circumstances. Abortion has been opposed on ethical, religious as well as medical grounds. An individual should use his liberty and thinking to opt for what he considers correct or incorrect. But this freedom should not be used in a wrong way so that it leads to negative effects. Pope John Paul II explained this issue and presented that all human beings should maintain a correct balance between their rights of liberty and the important decisions of their life. Abortion is an example where this balance is lost. The negativities of abortion should be considered before opting for this strong step. Pro-life supporters and ethical groups argue that abortion should be a practice that should only be restricted for cases where the pregnancy can prove to be a risk for the life of the mother or in other untoward incidents like in victims of sexual assault. But these reasons are the least common reasons which account for abortion cases in the United States. It is seen that only one percent of abortions are carried out under these circumstances and 99 percent of the abortions are done as a method of birth control or for other reasons given by women. A better way should be opted by the government to tackle these issues rather than providing for options like abortion. Better techniques include proper and managed awareness programs for the pregnant woman as well as her family. Furthermore, appropriate health management and support should be provided (Quito 2007). Abortion is also highlighted to be wrong by the religious groups. The religious groups claim that reproduction is a natural process of life and it is an ability provided by God to human beings. To disregard and alter this process is incorrect and not justified even on moral grounds. The role of parents is to care and nurture for their children and this role should not be changed into a brutal step of killing one’s own child for reasons like free will. The drawbacks of abortion have also been put forward by many medical groups on the basis of different studies and researches. A research that was published in the year 1994 in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute provided insight into the fact that a complete pregnancy improved the health status of a woman and proved to be a shield against the occurrence of breast cancer. The chances of breast cancer are 50 percent greater in females who opt for abortion. This risk following is even higher in femal es who already have a genetic susceptibility of the development of breast cancer owing to the occurrence of the condition in family members. According to Dr. James Moran who was the Director at the Cancer Institute, the initial increase in the levels of estrogen in the female body during pregnancy can alter the normal breast cells. In the initial phase,

Benefits of childcare robots

Benefits of childcare robots In todays ever-changing world, the rampant use of various technology and robots have become an indispensable part of our daily lives. Since the Industrial Revolution, robots have been used in manufacturing and automotive industries. With the rapid advancement in technology, the use of robots is increasing at an exponential rate. From the graph above, it is evident that the world robot population has increased by almost 2 folds from 4.49million in 2006 to 8.37million in 2010. Domestic service, educational and leisure robots have contributed to the large increase in the use of robots in the 21st century. International Federation of Robotics (IFR) has forecasted a USD$17 billion in sales for the robot market worldwide by 2013. (http://www.ifr.org/) Hence, with the multi-faceted use of robots currently existing in our daily lives, one can expect robots specialising in childcare to be a part of reality in the near future. Children have always been fascinated by robots. This is reflected in the increasing number of students taking part in robotics competitions. Moreover, when a bomb disposal robot was deployed in a village of Iraq, it caught the attention of the village children who surrounded it with great interest. Studies have also shown that the interaction between robots and children have yielded positive effects. As a result, robots have also been used as tools for educational purposes. Advantages With the current population trend moving from single-income to dual-income families, there is an increasing need for parents to provide the necessary childcare services for their children while they are both busy at work. This trend coupled with the evolving use of robots has sparked the research on childcare robots as a means to resolving the issue of juggling with raising a child concurrently with providing for the family. The potential of childcare robots is immense and has thus generated a lot of hype. Not only can it have a huge impact on society but it also has the potential to bring about radical changes in our everyday lives. The concept of childcare robots has existed for decades. Proto-types of childcare robots are already available in the world today due to technological advancements which have minimised the cost of building and assembling a robot. Currently, there are 14 companies in Japan and Korea that have developed childcare robots. The PaPeRo is an example of a childcare robot which has been developed by NEC, a leading Japanese electronics company who is a pioneer in the development of childcare robots. It has been designed to live and interact with people through its autonomous and communication functions. One of its primary functions is to protect a child and prevent him from harms way. This can be done through mobile monitoring whereby the robot has cameras installed in its eyes which allow working parents to monitor their childs movement at home through their laptops while they are at work. The parent will have full control of the robot and can navigate it around the house to ensure that his or her child is under constant supervision even if he or she is not physically there. The PaPeRo can also be programmed to look out for potential hazardous situations and consequently prevent the child at home from becoming a victim of it. Its autonomous function and obstacle avoidance capability thereby allow working parents to focus on their work due to its nature of independent mobility. Disadvantages Although childcare robots may solve the woes of modern working parents, one cannot help but ask how credible is the robot in ensuring the safety of the child at home? Who should be responsible in the case whereby the child still gets hurt under the care of the robot? Childcare robots may have dire consequences on the child if they are not employed with caution. Previously, parents had to juggle between their family and work. As the concept of childcare robot surfaced, it liberated parents as the primary caregivers from choosing between their work commitments and looking after their child. This would result in less time spent together and the mutual bonding between parent and child will be lost in the process. The primary upbringing of a child thence no longer rests upon the shoulders of the parents but in the hands of a childcare robot instead. From a societal perspective, a parents primary responsibility is to provide for their offspring and protect them from harms way. Parents should also impart the necessary knowledge and skills to survive in their later years during the developmental stages of their children in their adolescence. Parents may thus be shirking their primary responsibilities by passing on their role as caregivers to childcare robots. Instead of breastfeeding, which is natural and healthy for a child and also aids in psychological bonding, a robot is created to breastfeed with powdered milk. This is physically not healthy for a baby and would be a worrying trend to society. The role of caregivers is no longer clearly defined between humans and robots. One can only wonder what kind of psychological impact this may potentially have on a child when he is brought up by an autonomous robot made of steel instead of his own warm-blooded biological parents. As robots become increasingly popular and available, should we devise international ethics guidelines for their use? -Manfred Werner The issue of formalised guidelines also arises with the extensive use of childcare robots in the future. To protect a child from negligence and abuse, there will be a need for governmental and international bodies to regulate and lay down ethical guidelines ensuring the fair and just use of childcare robots. By regulating its use, it could reiterate the fact that parents are still the primary caregivers of their child and childcare robots should only be a tool to assist them and not replace them. One should not hold the robots totally liable to the care of ones child. Children playing with robots Studies have shown that leaving a child with minimal human contact would retard the mental and intellectual development of the child. (http://www.education.umd.edu/EDHD/faculty/Fox/publications/94.pdf) Although the child may develop an emotional attachment to the robot, his cognitive development may be impaired as he may be spending most of his childhood with a childcare robot. Furthermore, the bonding between a child and robot may mislead the child into thinking that such a relationship is real and identical to that with human beings. The impairing of his cognitive abilities coupled with the inability to distinguish between human and robotic relationships may thus lead the child to face problems interacting with other children. Consequently, the child may alienate himself from the rest of society in response to the ostracising he potentially faces from his peers. Ultimately, robots are machines that face the usual technical problems of malfunctioning and may become obsolete over time. The child may outgrow the robot as his needs change at such a rapid rate. The childcare robot may only be programmed to handle toddlers and infants instead of school going children and hence it may become inadequate in looking after a child as they grow older. A child raised by machines may be detrimental to society and contribute to the degradation of healthy human relationships in the generations to come. Nonetheless, it is undeniable that childcare robots are largely beneficial to enhancing childcare. Even without the existence of robots, there are still cases of child abuse and negligence by parents who have shirked their responsibility in caring for their child. In such cases, a robot may actually do an even better job in ensuring that the child is well taken care of. As research on childcare robots intensifies, the robot can be programmed to perform more sophisticated tasks, inter alia, expressing emotions and reacting differently to a wide vocabulary of words and range of feelings. However, in spite of the hype and benefits of childcare robots, I personally feel that it would be of best interest to society that they should only be used as a tool to assist in childcare and not replace the quintessential role of parents. Conclusion In conclusion, although the potential and benefits of childcare robots are limitless in the future, it is critical for us human beings to take a step back and ponder over the underlying ethical and legal issues that arise from their use. There should be a concerted effort by governments and a regulatory body to create a set of common and concrete guidelines to regulate the use of childcare robots. However, I feel that these are but mere infant steps to a realm of human co-existing with artificial intelligence. I care about our young people, and I wish them great success, because they are our Hope for the Futureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Dave Barry Youths are the key to our future. It is imperative then that children ought to be moulded in the footsteps of a human being than that of a cold piece of metal work.

All Different

I have been working with this organization for the past six months. It’s been from the last three months that I got permanent for this job as a researcher for the morning show â€Å"NEWS†. When I signed my employment contract with dawn news TV it was mentioned clearly there that the working hours for this job will be eight hours. However, through out this time I have been working on an average of fourteen hours six days a week and the show is doing pretty good too. Our team comprises of six people where there is room for more people in the team. It is due to this reason that the work load on the existing employees is very high.The show is going on air five days a week therefore we need extra help. There are no fixed working hours for this show. I walk in everyday at 10a. m. in the morning and by the time I leave office it’s almost midnight. These inflexible working hours is affecting my health and personal life. I am not able to give time to anything else. I am m arried with a young daughter and due to this job I am hardly able to give time to my wife and child. I am willing to put in the extra handwork but it’s unfair on my part because I am being paid like any other researcher in the team where as I do the work of the editor as well.These people leave early at six in the evening but I wait till the final episode is approved. Inconvenient working hour’s increases work related stress and can reduce the level of motivation. Flexible working hours is an important part of job satisfaction. It is management’s job to look into the well being of its employees at work because in the long run this can affect the quality of work too. Work should be divided among employees equally according to the skills of each employee in a way that no one feels the burden. I have noticed that the work at our office starts very late may be that’s the reason that it ends late.It will be preferable if everyone reaches office on time at nine in the morning so that everyone gets off early and can go home on time. The management needs to seriously look into the matter of hiring extra staff for our work. Once we get extra help the work load will be divided and it will help improve the timing issue automatically. I am assigned work that is more than my specified job. Recently I got to know that the company had hired another employee after me, she has been working on the same designation like me but she is being paid more than me. This is another factor which I feel is discrimination on my side.I like working for this organization that’s the reason I wanted to discuss the issue with you before taking on any decision. Our boss is single and a workaholic probably that’s why she doesn’t realize this inconvenience at work. You can talk to her and moreover if you want you can check my progress report and my work. I am sure that you won’t be disappointed. I am trying to give this organization my best b ut in return I want these two issues to be resolved my timings and pay otherwise I am liking my work and enjoy doing it and it’s an honor to be associated with Dawn news.I hope that you will look into this matter and consider my scenario. I will be waiting for your response, looking forward to your cooperation. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ TO: Daniel steel FROM: Chris Brown, manager Dawn News TV SUBJECT: inconvenient working hours DATE: 31 July, 2008 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. I visited your department this week. I even had a meeting with your boss and have looked into your matter. I have asked them to present me a report regarding this matter and they will be submitting it in a shortly. You have been having issues adjusting with the time.There were few instances when you had to stay up late in office and that was due to the fact that your boss was not in town. But these kinds of circumstances are very rare and not everyday so you need to give it a consideration. You are over looking the fact that you work for an organization which is into media and the timings of offices in media are different from the ones in banking or any other place in case you are comparing it with them. Its not a nine to five job where you just walk in and complete your work and go back home it has completely different set of requirements.You are working for a show that deals with broadcasting news in morning timings. A news channel can come up with breaking news anytime of the day and we expect our employees to be cooperative enough to handle the situation and takeover without wasting anytime. That’s the reason that you might have got few calls at odd time of the day at fewer situations. It was not mentioned in your employment contract that when you need to be here and when to leave. You have to complete your number of working hours so if you walk in early then you need to go late too as you yourself mentioned that you reach office at 10a.m. once you complete your working hours you can leave and that’s what you normally do as far as my information is concerned. I completely understand that you have a personal life along with your professional life but I think you need to manage and plan things so that they don’t overlap and create problems for yourself. You talked about the pay rise. You have just joined this organization. It’s only been three months that you have become a permanent employee of Dawn news. Normally we don’t give a pay rise to any employee this soon.Every year we h ave an evaluation form that is filled by each employee and later interviews are held regarding work of each employee. This is done by the human resource department of the organization where we try to get feed back from everyone of their experience at work and their expectations from it moreover, how much have they learned and based on that we revise the pay structure if it is required. The other employee that joined after you is no doubt on the same designation as yours but you are again over looking the fact that he has already been working for Star channel for 1 years and CNBC for six months previously.When he joined he had a solid working experience relative to your job because compared to him this is your first job and you didn’t have any experience of a channel before. So it would be unfair on that person’s part if you compare your pay scale with him. Still next summer we will be having our evaluation, if we feel you are capable enough we will consider your appeal . As far as giving the credit is concerned then your name is mentioned in the editors at the end of the news so we do give you credit for what you are doing.I have gone through your progress report too. Well done! I like your dedication and commitment towards work and we need more people like you in the organization. Don’t let your self down. We don’t want to over stress out employees if you want you can take a leave and come back and join again may be this is going to help you. Apart from this if there is anything else feel free to contact me in future too I’ll try my best to help you with your queries. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Assignment 2 IntroductionTrasberry departmental store has been operating in the country from the past 10 years and over the time it has been successful in opening 50 branches all over the country. It is one of the leading departmental stores in the region of its kind. Moreover, it is known for investing in innovative practices and implementing them in their business which keeps them way ahead then their competitors and has made their business so successful. Current Situation Along With the New System Transberry has been working in order to introduce a standardized extranet format that will be used by the company.At present all the information regarding the retailers while ordering inventory comes from diverse sources and therefore it is difficult for the suppliers and retailers to track one another. Moreover most of the data of the retailers is not synchronized so its gives a tough time to the suppliers. Therefore Transberry has worked with its IT professionals to come up with a solution in this field by creating a database where the information of all the suppliers and retailers will be sto red and maintained. Apart from that the system will be providing advance ordering process in order to maintain inventory.At present the company is using the traditional method of ordering which fails to predict the accurate level of reordering . In this orders have to be places months back so that delivery is made on time. However at the time of sales at one place there is excess inventory at the end of the month or there is shortage. The shortage adversely affects the image of the company as the customers have to face difficulty. Therefore the new system will over come both the problem of ordering as well as maintaining an extranet for the external use.Benefits †¢ The new system will organize the work and make it much fast and convenient for the retailers and suppliers. †¢ The ordering time will reduce †¢ Reliable data will be available which will help the source to track the destination. †¢ Data will not be up to date †¢ There will be less wastage of inven tory(Davila, Epstein, & Shelton, 2005). †¢ Often the excess inventory gets out of date or expired in terms of perishable goods so that problem will be solved too. †¢ There will be no customer discontent as timely delivery of goods will be made.†¢ Previously the ordering system used to take around two months now it will generate the order in one week and the goods will be delivered in the next three days. †¢ The pace of work will become much faster, time, resources and money will be saved. Costs Before this there was no proper database available to the existing retailers. Transberry has invested on the research and study of this system and it’s after six months that their IT team has come up with this system. The cost of this system will be undertaken by Transberry for the time being.They will be using the system for first few months however later on the company plans to hold a meeting where the new system will be introduced to the other companies in the sa me business and after consensus the costs will be shared among them all. Right now the total cost of this system along with labor will be $1 million. Method of Implementation It’s going to be a huge database and along with standardized extranet access. It will be requiring a team of researchers and analysts who along with our IT team will be working on the system once the project is approved. They will be giving us timely progress on this project every one week.The system will take another six months to develop and then come into function. All the other companies will be given access to this system later on depending on their status on this project. The company will be requiring specialist staff which they will have to hire in order to use the system later on. These IT professional will be given one week training on the job by our senior professionals. For the advance ordering process the data will have to be entered and the system will itself calculate the amount of inventor y to be ordered based on the past sales and season example Christmas, or summer season where the sales are high.The same people will be trained will be handing and take care of both the works. Conclusion Transberry has always been experimenting with their method of work in order to come up with better practices. The recent innovation that they have come up with is not going to benefit Transberry but on the whole it will be beneficial for every company in the industry. Innovation and creativity is required in every field especially in this fast moving era of technology.The system proposes a better solution of ordering and the major advantage of that is the reduction in wastage and accuracy in estimation of ordering inventory whereas the ordering system between retailer and supplier will also become efficient once the system is implemented. Its over all impact on the industry will be positive. The cost of the system initially is going to be high but if we look through the long term af fects and benefits that it is highly recommended that the company should move on with their decision of investing in this project and it is very necessary to solve the dilemma.

SAT Test Dates and Registration Deadlines for 2019â€20

The SAT is offered seven times a year:  August, October, November, December, March, May and June. SAT subject tests are administered on all of those dates except for in March. Also, plan carefully because not all subject tests are offered on a given date. SAT registration deadlines are typically about four weeks before the exam date. SAT Exam Dates and Registration Deadlines U.S. students have seven testing dates to choose from for taking the SAT in the 2019–20  admissions cycle.   SAT Exam Dates and Registration Deadlines Test Date Test Registration Deadline Late Registration Deadline August 24, 2019 SAT Subject Tests July 26, 2019 August 13, 2019 October 5, 2019 SAT Subject Tests September 6, 2019 September 24, 2019 November 2, 2019 SAT Subject Tests October 3, 2019 October 22, 2019 December 7, 2019 SAT Subject Tests November 8, 2019 November 26, 2019 March 14, 2020 SAT Only February 14, 2020 March 3, 2020 May 2, 2020 SAT Subject Tests April 3, 2020 April 21, 2020 June 6, 2020 SAT Subject Tests May 8, 2020 May 27, 2020 Be sure to plan ahead since  registration deadlines are roughly a month before the test date. You can often register late for an additional fee, but even late registration must be completed about ten days before the exam date. If you   miss the late registration deadline, you can still register for waitlist status up until five days before the exam date. If you are on the waitlist, there is no guarantee of admission to the exam, and an additional fee will be assessed if you are allowed to take the SAT. Waitlist requests are handled on the SAT website just like regular registration. Other SAT Test Dates The seven test dates in the table above are open to all students, but they are not the only dates that the SAT is offered. Some schools administer the SAT on a Tuesday or Wednesday in the fall or spring. Weekday exams have the benefit of not conflicting with weekend work or sports schedules, but you will obviously be missing all of your morning classes. Also, this option will be available only to students who attend participating schools. For the 2019–20 academic year, weekday exams are offered on October 16, March 4, March 25, April 14, and April 28. Finally, like the ACT, the SAT offers Sunday testing for students who cannot take a Saturday exam for religious reasons. If you wish to test on Sunday, you will need to get a letter from an official religious leader that explains your request. You will also find that you have far fewer options for your testing center on Sundays since only a small number of students have religious conflicts on Saturdays. When Should You Take the SAT? Youll hear different strategies for when and how many times you should take the SAT, but a good general rule is to take the exam once in the second half of junior year (March, May, or June). If your scores arent on target for your top choice colleges, youll have time to beef up your skills and retake the exam in the first half of senior year (August, October, November, and possible December).  Students applying to college through an  Early Decision  or  Early Action  program will typically  want to take the exam by October of senior year. To figure out whether or not you should retake the exam, youll need learn what your target colleges consider a good SAT score. A 1000 may be fine for many colleges, while SAT scores for the Ivy League tend to be in the 1400 range or higher.   Because the SAT tests the English and math skills you have learned in school, it is generally not advisable to take the exam before junior year. Unless youre an accelerated student, you simply wont have covered all of the material on the exam early in high school. That said, there are some special summer programs and awards that require early SAT testing. The scores from testing early shouldnt affect your admission chances as long as you take the exam again later in high school. How Much Does Registration for the SAT Cost? When you register for the SAT, youll need to pay the required fee. The cost will vary depending on your time of registration and which test you are taking: $49.50 for the basic SAT exam$64.50 for the SAT exam with the optional essay$30  additional fee for late registration$53  waitlist fee if you miss the registration deadlines and are admitted to a test center on test day$26 basic subject test registration fee$22  additional fee for each subject test$26 additional fee for a language with listening subject test   If your familys income makes paying these testing fees prohibitive, you may be able to qualify for an SAT fee waiver. You can learn more about fee waivers on  the SAT web site. A Final Word About SAT Testing and Registration The SAT, like all aspects of applying to college, requires some strategizing and planning. Be sure to map out timelines for junior year and senior year so that you dont miss important test dates and registration deadlines. If you are planning on taking SAT subject tests, planning is even more important since you cant take a subject test on the same day as the regular SAT. Finally, be sure to keep the SAT in perspective. Yes, it can be an important part of the college admissions process, but it is just one piece of the equation. A strong academic record with challenging classes, impressive letters of recommendation, a stunning essay, and meaningful extracurricular activities can all help make up for SAT scores that are less than ideal. Also keep in mind that there are hundreds of test-optional colleges that dont require SAT scores as part of the admissions process.